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The underground wire and cable can be used to transmit both data and electrical power but they come with some standards and regulations regarding the installation and manufacturing
From a great distance, it is possible to make out overhead lines crisscrossing the terrain in many places
Underground cables have a significant advantage over other types of cable in this respect
Despite this, the transmission mechanism is not fully undetectable: a protection strip must be kept clear of plants and shrubs with extensive roots, and there must be any buildings constructed above or to the side of the underground cable trench
In addition, an underground cable route is made up of a great deal of different parts, including the subterranean cables themselves, cable joints, cable transfer stations, and, for AC lines, reactive-power-compensation equipment
The last component described here is primarily made up of reactors, several of which have already been deployed in a variety of Amprion’s substations
In many ways, reactors can be compared to very big transformers
We never connect them to the grid unless there is an abnormally high voltage on one of the lines
The reactors restore the power factor and reduce the voltage that is being transmitted along the line
In the event that the contrary is true, that is, the voltage on the line is too low, correctional equipment like capacitor banks is utilized in order to rectify the situation
CABLES LAYEN UNDERGROUND As a Form of Transmission Medium A conductor, an insulating system, a wire screen, and a sheath are the fundamental elements that make up underground cables
An electric conductor is located at the center of the cable; in the case of extra-high-voltage (EHV) lines, this conductor is often made of copper
The conductor is encased in an insulating system known as a dielectric, the primary component of which is typically composed of a material such as plastic
Fault currents are dissipated by an outside copper wire screen, which also serves to keep the electric field contained within the cable
The outer sheath of the cable acts as a barrier between the cable and any moisture that may be present
CONNECTORS COMPRISING OF CABLE JOINTS Due to the obvious transportation limitations, cross-country EHV cables can only be supplied to the respective installation locations in sections that are currently around 1,000 to 1,300 meters in length
This is the case because the sections must be broken up into individual pieces before being transported
The size of the cable drums that may be transported by truck is restricted in some places due to the presence of bridges and other structures
As a consequence of this, the portions of these cables ought to be connected using cable joints whenever they are laid out
Certain joints provide access to the internal connections from the exterior of the component, which enables electrical measurements to be carried out whenever they are deemed essential
STATIONS FOR THE TRANSFER OF CABLES IN ORDER TO CONNECT TO THE GRID We construct what are known as “cable transfer stations” in the areas where the cables are either laid underground or brought back up through the surface again
These are necessary in order to connect the cables buried beneath to the wires strung above ground
A station like this is quite comparable to a more modest substation
Reactors are needed to rectify the power factor in the AC grid whenever there is a segment of wire that is very long
In addition to this, they call for additional switch gear, which necessitates a larger footprint, which in turn necessitates a larger footprint for the transfer station in its whole
MEDIA USED FOR THE INSULATION OF UNDERGROUND CABLES Plastic is employed as an insulation medium in virtually all underground cables used in today’s AC grid (dielectric)
Underground cables that use a plastic dielectric have been successful in becoming the industry standard
This can be attributed to the newly developed cable joint design, which enables the joints to be prefabricated and makes it easier to install them on site
Additionally, underground cables with a plastic dielectric have superior operating characteristics in comparison to all other types of insulation
The insulation material itself is often constructed of polyethylene (PE), which, in order to create what is known as XLPE, is subjected to a thermochemical process that causes it to undergo cross-linking
Because of this, the cable system can be used in environments with higher temperatures
However, in this case, we are discussing a single-layer insulation medium that, in the event that it is found to have a defect, requires repair joints to be installed in order to be meticulously fixed
Cable systems with plastic insulation are available on the market, and they can be used for applications with voltages ranging from medium voltage all the way up to 500 kilo volts
The construction of DC cable systems is comparable to that of AC cable systems; however, the insulating material and junction technology for DC cable systems must meet significantly higher standards
There are many cable systems that are utilized in the The insulation of the DC grid is made of paper that has been mass-impregnated (MI)
When using this kind of insulation, the copper conductor is first covered with a significant number of layers of paper, and then the paper is impregnated with an impregnating compound
This method has been researched and proven, and it also offers an additional benefit: the insulating compound may correct small errors in the insulation, so making it “self-restoring” to some degree
Because they have to be wrapped on location, the cable couplings for this technology are exceptionally difficult to install
This is the system’s primary drawback
Cables insulated with plastic have just recently become commonplace in the industry
Initial experiences are currently being gathered with this at the voltage level of up to 320 kilovolts
In the following content we gathered some of the FAQ regarding the underground cable
What is the shallowest possible depth that cable can be laid below the ground? The voltage capacity of the cable determines the minimum depth required for burying the cable below the earth, and this depth can vary
The depth ought to be at least 0
9 meters for cables ranging from 3
3 kV to 11 kV, and 1
05 meters for cables ranging from 22 kV to 33 kV
The recommended bare minimum for the depth of a low voltage cable is 0
75 meters
What kind of procedure is used to lay the cable? The manner of laying cable and the connection of fittings such as cable end boxes, joints, branch connectors, and other similar components determine the dependability of a cable network
The method of laying specifies the strategy that will be implemented in terms of the digging of trenches, fitting of ducts, and positioning of cables, among other things
Direct laying, draw-in, and solid system are the three primary approaches to burying cables and wires; the other approach is called indirect laying
To what depth beneath the ground should the cable be buried? The specifications for the required depth change depending on the geography of the land
The typical depth is from 30 to 42 inches for road crossings and drainage ditches that have not yet been finished being constructed
If the ground is expected to be frozen for extended periods of time, the depth ought to be at least 30 inches
Digging must be done to a standard depth of 42 inches if a roadway needs to be crossed
When placing cables, what is the typical depth that should be used? Both the weather and the topography play a role in determining the standard depth of cable installation
Depending on the circumstances, it might be anywhere between 30 and 42 inches in length
What are the benefits of installing subterranean wires directly into the ground? The following are some of the advantages that come with directly laying subterranean cable systems:
Construction of the cable network is completed quickly
minimal financial outlay
Quick and even distribution of heat
Method that is both clean and safe, with the cable being shielded from any outside interference
